清華簡《攝命》讀札

（首發）

王寧

棗莊廣播電視臺

《清華大學藏戰國竹簡[捌]》中的《攝命》一篇，因為是西周時期遺留下來的冊命文書，其用語比較古奧，與春秋之後的語言差距較大，所以比較難讀。整理者已經作了較好的釋讀註解，[[1]]此後諸家在簡帛網·簡帛論壇《清華簡〈攝命〉初讀》貼中又作了一些補正，[[2]]也包括筆者的一些看法，對部分問題提出了新的解釋，但仍覺有不少問題，故茲將筆者的一些觀點寫出來，以就教於方家。筆者在《初讀》中發佈的一些看法，後來又有所改變，故所論皆以本文為準。

簡1：劼姪（侄），（毖）（攝）

整理者：劼，李學勤比對戎生編鐘“劼遣”、晉姜鼎“嘉遣”，以為“劼”義同於“嘉”。“姪”如字，兄弟之子。毖，……其實當從《廣韻》訓“告”。（112頁注[一]）

石小力：清華簡（叁）《說命下》簡7：“王曰：‘敓（說），余既?（諟）??（劼）?（毖）女（汝），思（使）若玉冰，上下罔不我義（儀）。’”“????”無疑與《攝命》之“劼姪??”意同。???，整理者讀為“諟劼”，曰：“?，從只，章母支部字，讀為禪母支部的‘諟’，《禮記·大學》注：‘正也。’‘???’即‘劼毖’，《書·酒誥》：‘汝劼毖殷獻臣。’對比同篇‘厥誥毖庶邦庶士’，知為誥戒之意。”與《攝命》解釋不同。但兩處文例相似，皆為王對王子或臣下的告誡，當統一理解較為合適。“劼姪”、“???”或為“毖”之修飾語，或與“毖”意近，我們懷疑三字當為同義連用。劼，《說命》的注釋已經指出，在《酒誥》篇中“劼毖”與“誥毖”相同，則“劼”有誥戒之意。?，疑讀為規，勸誡也。[[3]]

按：此當讀為一句“劼姪毖攝”。“劼毖”本殷周古語，是同義連舉而成的叠韵连绵詞，《說命》、《酒誥》及下簡30“劼（毖）”連言皆其證，是訓告、告誡義。“劼”亦用“詰”，《書·立政》：“其克詰爾戎兵”，《孔傳》：“詰，治也。”《周禮·天官冢宰·大宰》：“五曰刑典，以詰邦國”，鄭注：“詰，猶禁也。”又《秋官司寇·大司》：“佐王邦國，詰四方。”鄭注：“詰，謹也。”其實這些“詰”都是“戒”或“誡”義，告誡之則為其治、為其禁、為其謹，乃隨文賦義的解釋。《酒誥》一曰“劼毖”，一曰“誥毖”，“誥”當即“詰”之形誤。《史記·周本紀》曰：“穆王閔文武之道缺，乃命伯臩，申誡太仆國之政，作《臩命》”，“誡”字正相當於“劼（詰）”。疑“劼（詰）”本讀音同“吉”，與“戒（誡）”同見紐雙聲，西土周人語“戒（誡）”若“吉”，而用“劼”、“詰”書之。正因為“劼毖”是殷周古語，在西周文獻尚能見到，而到了東周以後的文獻中基本上就不再使用了。

《說命下》“余既?（諟）??（劼）?（毖）女（汝）”，“?（諟）”字石小力先生認為“‘?’與‘?’有可能為一字異體，‘?’也是規勸之‘規’的異體”、“我們懷疑三字當為同義連用”，應該是對的，但是和“姪”聯繫起來感覺沒必要。“規”、“劼”、“毖”本含義相近，“規劼毖”猶後言規誡，《後漢書·左周黃列傳》：“共上疏稱舉忠直，欲帝置章御坐，以為規誡”者是。連綿詞也可以分開說，如《詩·燕燕》：“頡之頏之”、《東方未明》：“顛之倒之”、《老子》：“惚兮恍兮”之類。“劼毖姪攝”亦可曰“劼姪毖攝”，意思就是告誡或訓誡侄子伯攝。

簡1：亡承朕鄉，余弗造民康，余亦（曼）窮亡可事（使）。

整理者：鄉，訓為“往”、“昔”。《大誥》：“洪惟我幼沖人……弗造哲迪民康”，謂我不遭賢人進用，致民人康安。曼，長。竆，困窘不得志。

“”字鄔可晶先生釋“夐”， 讀爲“惸”， 解作“無兄弟”，指出“《詩·小雅·正月》：‘哿矣富人，哀此惸獨。’孔疏：‘哀哉此單獨之民窮而無告。’簡文‘余亦夐窮亡可使’之‘夐’讀爲‘惸’，‘惸’、‘窮’連用，顯然是很合適的。”[[4]]暮四郎先生認為此字是從宀聲，讀為“愍”，解為遭遇憂難。[[5]]

按：“”字從字形上看，暮四郎先生說可能更為合理些。“”象以手掩目形，就是“民”的初文，孳乳出“眠”（翕目也）、“抿” （撫也）、“泯”（滅也）、“敃（敯）”（冒也）等字，其義均由掩目引申出來者；“曼”是隱瞞之“瞞”的初文，從冃從民會意兼從民聲。曼長的“曼”即甲骨文常見的“”字，是在手最長的中指上加一橫筆當指事符號，表示曼長之意，陳劍先生認為讀為“愍”。[[6]]“民”、“曼”古音里是音近的字，可以通用。這個字從穴民（曼）聲，很可能就是“??”字的或體，《說文》：“??，????，不見也。一曰????，不省人。”徐鍇注：“室無人也。”段注：“‘??’與‘臱’音義皆同。《毛詩》‘綿綿’，《韓詩》作‘民民’。按：綿綿、民民皆謂密也。”《爾雅·釋詁》：“泯、滅、空，盡也”，“??”與“泯”、“滅”均音義相近；“窮”古訓“極”、“竟”、“盡”，與“空”義近，可知“??窮”是同義連用，表示無人到了極點。

要正確理解《攝命》此數句，就得正確解讀《書·大誥》：“洪惟我幼沖人嗣無疆大歷服弗造哲迪民康”的文字，二者在語義上有很密切的關係。《大誥》是《尚書》中最為難讀的一篇，因為它裡面大部分是用周初的西土語言寫成，和東周以後的雅言已經有很大差距，這幾句的斷句和理解一直成問題。根據《攝命》可知當斷讀為“洪惟我幼沖人嗣無疆大歷，服弗造哲迪民康”，“洪”是發語詞，無義；“無疆大歷”本義是無限期的長久年代，代指“王朝大統”，[[7]]“嗣無疆大歷”的意思就是繼承王位，說明周初人說話喜歡用很複雜的替代語來表示簡單的含義。“服”是指百官，“造”《說文》訓“就也”，即來就，謂來周室當官侍奉我；“哲”即“逝”或“噬”的假借字，是語詞無義，起語氣連貫作用；“迪”是引導或致，數句的意思是：我繼承了王位，百官不來就職使人民安康。《詩·閔予小子》：“閔予小子，遭家不造，嬛嬛在疚。”毛傳：“造，為。”鄭箋：“造猶成也”，均非。“家”即指邦家之人，“遭家不造”就是遇到邦家之人不來就我的狀況，所以說“嬛嬛在疚”，“嬛嬛”是孤獨貌。

那麼可以知道，《攝命》的“亡承朕鄉，余弗造民康”當讀為一句，即“亡承朕鄉余弗造民康”，“承”是“奉”義，“鄉”許文獻先生讀“卿”，[[8]]可從。“亡承朕”是修飾“卿”的，是指那些不侍奉我的百官，相當於《大誥》的“服”和《閔予小子》的“家”；“余弗造”就是“弗造余”，即不來就我。“民康”前面很可能是抄脫了一個含義類似《大誥》“迪”的字，“亡承朕卿余弗造[迪]民康”的意思就是那些不肯侍奉我的百官不肯來臣服我以使人民安康，自己獨力難支，故下文說“余亦愍窮亡可使”，“愍”是憂慮義，“窮”相當於《閔予小子》的“嬛嬛”，這裡是窮困無助義。

簡2：余亦??（橫）于四方。

整理者：《墨子·兼爱》引《泰誓》有“光于四方”，《堯典》云‘光被四表’，《漢書·王莽傳》、《後漢書·崔駰列傳》等作“橫被”，孔傳訓“被”為“充”。

按：《孔傳》訓“光”為“充”，整理者引文有誤。“??”字《玉篇》叱終切，《集韻》枯光切，均訓“門關”，似非古訓。這個字當即廣闊之“廣”字之或體，與“光”音同通假，《爾雅·釋畜》：“在背，闕廣”，《釋文》：“廣，音光”是其證。則“光”、“橫”均“廣”義，“光被”、“橫被”即“廣被”，《孔傳》之訓殆不可據。

簡2：甚余我邦之若否，粵小大命。

按：此句是謂賓前置，即“我邦之若否粵小大命甚余”，“粵”是連詞，猶言“以及”；“甚”是超過。此二句是說我邦之好壞之事以及大小政令太多，超過了我能承受的限度，意思是不堪國家政務之多，希望有人幫手。

簡2-3：肆余【簡2】猷（繇）卜乃身，休，卜吉。

整理者：《爾雅·釋詁》：“肆、故，今也。”《尚書》“肆”字多用於分句句首表結果。“”字不識，上半所從與金文“”同，疑讀為“卦”。猷，讀為“?”。《大誥》：“我有大事，休，朕卜并吉。”（113頁注[六]）

按：“”字不識，目前可以提出兩種解釋：

一是疑從食畫省聲，仍當讀“畫”，《廣韻》：“畫，計策也。”“猷”典籍多用“猶”字，段玉裁於《說文》“猶”下注云：“《釋詁》曰：‘猷，謀也。’《釋言》曰：‘猷，圖也。’《召南》傳曰：‘猶，若也。’《說文》：‘圖者，畫也，計難也。’謀者，慮難也。圖謀必酷肖其事而後有濟，故圖也、謀也、若也爲一義。《周禮》：‘以猶鬼神示之居’，猶者，圖畫也。”“畫猶”是同義連舉為語，即“畫圖”，亦曰“圖畫”，亦類似“圖謀”，即計劃、謀劃、打算。“休”前不當斷讀。“肆余畫猷卜乃身休，卜吉”此句是說我曾經打算占卜你身之休祥，占卜的結果是吉。《大誥》亦當讀作“我有大事休，朕卜并吉”，意思是我有大事之休祥（要占卜），我占卜并吉。

二是“”也有可能是“盡”字，甲骨文“盡”本是用刷洗器皿表示食物吃盡，這個字則徑從食作。“盡猷”意思類似“內盡謀猷”（《晉書·列傳第四十九》）的“盡謀猷”，古亦曰“盡謀”，《史記·范睢蔡澤列傳》：“臣得盡謀如伍子胥”。這裡當是想盡辦法的意思。

二說未敢是定，存以備考。

簡4：粵四方少（小）大邦，粵御事庶百又告有。

“庶百”之“百”當是“百姓”之省語，金文中作“百生”，《逸周書·世俘》：“商庶百姓咸俟于郊。”

“”或從“炎”，整理者從李學勤先生說釋“粦”，在簡文中讀為“嫌”和“廉”。又云：或說“有”讀為“有訟”，“明”讀為“崇明”，參看陳劍：《試為西周金文和清華簡<攝命>所謂“粦”字進一解》（《出土文獻》第十三輯，中西書局，2018年。）（113-114頁注[九]）

按：陳劍先生在其文中分析字形以為是從“浴”得聲，“有告有訟”、“有獄有訟”、“無獄亡訟”之讀均確；將“明”讀“崇明”，[[9]]則似有可商，古書無“崇明”之語，由此字用為“訟”推之，當讀為“聰明”，“聰”、“訟”古音清邪旁紐雙聲、同東部疊韻，讀音最為相近。古人亦以“聰明”稱譽睿智之人，如《大戴禮記·五帝德》言黃帝“成而聰明”，《禮記·中庸》：“唯天下至聖，為能聰明睿知，足以有臨也”，此類語古書習見。本簡文言“敬學聰明”，亦文從字順。

簡5：母（毋）??（遞）才（在）服。

整理者：“毋遞”略同於詩書之“勿替”。……或說讀為“（弛）”，訓為懈怠。

按：疑讀“勿替”是，“遞”《廣韻》徒禮切、特計切，古音是定紐脂部，與透紐質部的“替”音較近。《說文》：“替，廢也。”

簡5：女（汝）隹（唯）（衛）事（衛）命

按：“”字當讀“會”，《周禮·天官冢宰·職幣》：“凡邦之會事，以式法贊之”，又《縣正》：“既役，則稽功會事而誅賞。”《後漢書·祭祀志上》引《河圖會昌符》：“赤劉之九，會命岱宗。”

簡6：女（汝）鬼（威）由（表）由（望），不啻女（汝）鬼（威），則由（勱）女（汝）訓言之譔。

整理者：不啻，見《多士》、《無逸》、《秦誓》等，謂“不但”。“”字係後書，讀為“勱”，《說文》：“勉也”。“訓言之譔”結構同於《秦誓》“群言之首”；譔，《說文》：“專教也”。句謂汝不但以儀表資望威民，亦用言教幹事。（114頁注[一四]）

按：“”字哇那先生讀“貌”，[[10]]可從。“貌”、“望”指外貌、外表。不啻，啻也；不但，但也，這裡的“不啻”當是“但凡”、“只有”的意思。“由勱”即從勉，謂從之、勉之，也就是聽從、服從的意思。譔,《說文》：“專教也。”段注：“專教者，專壹而教之也。鄭注《論語》‘異乎三子者之撰’，撰讀曰譔，譔之言善也。《廣韵》曰：‘譔，善言也’，本鄭。”這裡是表示教誨的意思。“訓言之譔”即訓言的教導、教誨。這三句是說：你的威儀要從外表上體現出來，只要你有威儀，人民就會聽從你訓言的教誨。

簡7：女（汝）母（毋）敢怙偈（遏）余曰乃（毓）。

按：此句疑當讀為“女（汝）母（毋）敢怙，偈余曰乃毓（胄）”。《詩·蓼莪》：“無父何怙，無母何恃”，這裡的“怙”就是依仗父親的威勢。“偈”讀“遏”恐非，當讀“愒”或“渴”，訓“急”，這裡用為催促意。“”是“毓”字不誤，然此處當讀“胄”。下簡28之“（毓）子”，亦即《書·舜典》中“教胄子”的“胄子”。
    此句的大意是：你不要依仗你父親的威勢，催促我說“我是胄子”。說“我是胄子”的意思是我要即位。伯攝是周懿王太子，孝王擔心他依仗自己太子的身份催促自己讓位，故明言警示之。

簡8：今亦（肩）（肱）難（勤）乃事。

按：“”字讀“肩”甚可疑，此字疑當分析為從月（肉）啟省聲，即《說文》中的“?”字，訓“腓腸也”，即小腿肚子，《山海經》中有“無?之國”是，這裡代表腿。“?肱”猶後言之“股肱”。

簡9：隹（雖）民卣（攸）（協）弗（恭）其魯（旅），亦勿（侮）其（童），通（恫）眔（瘝）寡眔（鰥），惠于少（小）民。

按：此數句疑當斷讀作“隹（雖）民卣（攸）協弗恭，其魯（旅）亦勿敄（侮）其（從），通（恫）眔（及）寡眔（鰥），惠于少（小）民。”

“弗恭”即《盤庚中》“顛越不恭”的“不恭”。“”字從辵悤聲，疑是“從”或“蹤”的或體，ee先生讀“眾？”[[11]]心包先生讀“種”，[[12]]似以讀“種”義較勝。《書·盤庚中》：“乃有不吉不迪，顛越不恭，暫遇姦宄，我乃劓殄滅之，無遺育，無俾易種于茲新邑”，是種類、種族之“種”，表示所有人。“恫”故訓“痛”，此為憐惜、憐憫意。

此數句是說：雖然民有合夥不恭命的，你的軍隊也不要侮其所有人，憐憫之心及於寡鰥，恩惠施于小民。

簡10：女（汝）亦母（毋）敢彖（惰）才（在）乃死（屍）服，敬學明，勿繇（謠）之庶不訓（順）。

按：此數句疑當斷讀為“女（汝）亦母（毋）敢彖（泰、汰）才（在）乃死（屍）服，敬學[炎自]（聰）明，勿繇（由）之庶不訓（順）。”

“彖”字從ee先生釋，[[13]]此當讀為“泰”，是安逸之意。“泰”後可斷讀，亦可不斷讀。

“”字當讀為“聰”，說詳上“有告有訟”條。

“繇”整理者訓“用”，按：當讀“由”，放縱義。

簡11：亦則乃身亡能（??）甬（用）非頌（庸）女（汝）正命。
    整理者：，讀為“??”，《說文》“放也”，段玉裁以為與“豫”、“婸”等字通用。（116頁注[二四]）

按：此句ee先生讀於“頌”下絕句，讀“頌”為“容”，[[14]]均可從。“（??）”即放蕩之“蕩”的本字，或作“盪”、“愓”、“婸”等。《說文》：“頌，皃也。从頁公聲。??，籒文。”段注：“古作‘頌皃’，今作‘容皃’，古今字之異也。”“容”即容儀、行容，外貌舉止。“非容”即不好的行容。

簡13：其亦隹（唯）。

整理者注：“其亦唯”未詳，疑有脫誤。

按：疑是古代的編簡者將簡12和簡13弄倒了，也就是其順序本來是簡11+簡13+簡12+簡14。其大概的文字和斷句可能是：

“（上略）女（汝）有告于【11】朕，女（汝）母（毋）敢有退；于之自一話一言，女（汝）亦母（毋）敢泆；于之言隹（唯）明，母（毋）淫，母（毋）弗。其亦隹（唯）【13】余事，女（汝）有命正，有即正，亦若之頌（庸）弜羕。女（汝）有退進于朕命，乃隹（唯）望亡逢。則或即命【12】，乃亦隹（唯）肇謀，亦則匄（遏）逆于朕，是隹（唯）君子秉心，是女（汝）則隹（唯）肇悽（咨）弜羕，乃既誨，女廼敢【14】……”

“”字醉馬先生釋“疊”訓“懼”，[[15]]疑是。

簡12：有即正，亦若之頌（庸）弜羕，女（汝）有退進於朕命，乃隹（唯）望亡逢。

按：此數句應當斷讀為“有即正，亦若之頌（容）。弜（弗）羕（祥）女（汝）有退進於朕命，乃隹（唯）望亡逢。”

“亦若之容”即也要這樣的舉止。

“弜羕”並非“不永”，而應讀《書·盤庚中》“迪高后丕乃崇降弗祥”的“弗祥”，這裡是“不善”義，其義同於《荀子·正諫》“夫斂民之哀而以為樂，不祥”的“不祥”，此為加強語氣將“弗祥”提前。簡14“弜（弗）羕（祥）乃既悔”，簡18“（弗）恙（祥）女（汝）其有斁有甚（湛）”，均是如此用法。“恙”二字ee先生讀“弗祥”，[[16]]甚是。

“逢”當即“逢殃”或“逢災”之省語，《楚辭·天問》問王亥被殺之事言：“有扈牧豎，云何而逢？”“逢”即謂逢殃，《管子·形勢》：“曙戒勿怠，後稚逢殃。”《離騷》：“夏桀之常違兮，乃遂焉而逢殃。”諱言災殃而避之則單言“逢”。此二句當是說你執行我的命令猶豫不定是不好的，就只能希望不要遇到災殃。

簡12+簡14-簡15：則或即命【簡12】，乃亦隹（唯）肇??（謀），亦則匄（遏）逆於朕，是隹（唯）君子秉心，是女（汝）則隹（唯）肇悽（咨）弜羕，乃既??（悔），女（汝）迺敢【簡14】整（極）。

按：整理者讀“匄”為“遏”，似不通，當依字讀，“匄”亦“丐”，《漢書·文帝紀》：“及知見之所不及，匄以啟告朕”，顏注：“匄音蓋，匄亦乞也。啟，開也。言以過失開告朕躬，是則於朕為恩惠也。” 從語義看，“匄”是乞求、希望之意。“逆”是指臣下向王奏事，《周禮·夏官司馬·太僕》：“掌諸侯之復逆”，鄭注：“復，謂奏事。逆，謂自下而上曰逆。”蓋下級向上級奏事稱為“逆”，相當於今天所說的下級向上級“匯報”。“是隹”之“隹”當讀“惟”，訓思。

整理者於“乃既悔”下用句號，疑當用逗號，與“女廼敢整”相屬讀。

整理者注：“整，齊。，讀為‘極’、‘殛’。”

按：“整”訓“齊”是，“”即“?”字，《說文》：“疾也”（段本據《韻會》改作“?性也”，“?”即“急”本字），“整?”即“齊疾”，《爾雅·釋言》：“疾、齊，壯也”，郭注：“壯，壯事，謂速也。齊亦疾。”邢《疏》：“急疾、齊整，皆於事敏速，強壯也。”“齊”、“疾”本皆是敏捷快速義，這裡是指處事乾脆利落的意思，表示人的成熟，故曰“壯”。“乃敢整?”即“乃能齊疾”，才能處事乾脆利索，意為成熟。

這幾句說的大概意思是：你或能服從我的安排，謀劃的事情希望向我匯報，這就是作為君子所應秉持的正確思想。你的謀劃如果不是長久之計，就要立即改正，這樣才能成為一個成熟的人。

簡15：女（汝）則亦隹（唯）肇不（丕）子不學，不啻女（汝），亦鬼（畏）獲朕心。

按：此數句疑當斷讀為“女（汝）則亦隹（唯）肇不子、不學、不啻（適），女（汝）亦鬼（畏）獲朕心。”“子”疑讀“慈”，“學”疑讀“孝”，“適”同“嫡”。“”即“懄”、“慬”，整理者訓“勞苦”（117頁注[三〇]），似於文意不暢。《廣韻》：“慬，憂哀也”，《集韻》：“懄，憂也”，這里當生氣、不高興講，“亦畏獲慬朕心”意思是你要小心我心裡會生氣。

簡16：女（汝）母（毋）敢朋（酗）於酒，勿教人德我。

按：“人”指下文所言的“朋”。“教”疑當讀為“效”，“德”當讀為“置”，“我”表示自己，“置我”是處置、安置自己。“勿效人置我”的意思是不要學別人那樣安置自己。

簡17：亡（罔）非楚（胥）以涇<淫> （極）。

按：“”即“?”字，《說文》訓“疾也”，厲害之意，不必改讀“極”。

簡17-18:王曰：攝，余辟相唯御事，余厭既異厥心厥德，不（之）則（俾）于余。

按：“余辟”和“余厭”為對文，可能是指王的兩種人。

整理者引《酒誥》：“自成湯咸至于帝乙，成王畏。相惟御事，厥棐有恭。”傳統的斷讀作“自成湯咸至于帝乙，成王畏相。惟御事，厥棐有恭”，根據《攝命》看，“自成湯咸至于帝乙”一句屬於上段文意，應該點句號，即“在昔殷先哲王，迪畏天顯小民，經德秉哲，自成湯咸至于帝乙。”下面是“成王畏相惟御事，厥棐有恭”。“相”字可能是“喪”的假借字，喪失義，意思是成王擔心喪失御事之人，所以對輔佐的臣子們恭敬。

《攝命》此簡的“余辟”可能是指我主事之人，“余厭”可能是指我合心之人，王當是說：我主事的人喪失了辦事的能力，我合心的人已經與我異心。

“”即“??”字，《說文》以為“徙”本字，心包先生釋為“延”，句讀作“厥德不延”，[[17]]義較勝，“德”是指行為，“不延”之語古書習見，即不長久。

“”即“庳”字，此處疑當讀為“?”，《說文》：“毀也”，字亦作“捭”。“則?于余”意思應該是就會損害到我。又《禮記·禮運》：“燔黍捭豚”，《釋文》：“捭或作擗”，“擗”《說文》訓“撝”，是撕裂義，這裡當分裂、疏遠講，亦通。

簡18-19：引（矧）女（汝）隹（唯）子，今乃辟余，少（小）大乃有聞智（知）（弼）恙（詳）。女（汝）其有（斁）有甚（湛），乃眔余言，乃智（知）隹（唯）子不隹（唯）之頌（庸），是亦尚弗逢乃彝。

按：“弼恙”ee先生讀“弗祥”，是。“祥”《說文》“福也。一云善”，這裡當訓“善”。然“恙（祥）”後不當點句號，而應是逗號，語氣未完。“眔”即“及”，這裡是考慮到的意思。“頌”當從ee先生說讀“容”，舉止、行為。“是亦尚弗逢乃彝”疑當於“逢”下斷句，簡12有“乃唯望無逢”句可證，“乃彝”當屬下句讀作“乃彝乃乍（作）穆穆”。“尚”通“當”，“是亦尚弗逢”意思是這樣也應當不會遇到災殃。

此數句是說：你是年輕人，現在輔助我，從上到下如果告訴我你不善，說明你有錯誤有耽樂的現象，就要考慮到我的話，就會知道作為年輕人不該有的行為，這樣也當不會遇到災禍。

簡19-20：乃彝乃乍（作）穆=（穆穆），隹（唯）（恭）威儀，甬（用）辟余才（在）立（位），乃克甬（用）之彝。

按：彝，《爾雅·釋詁》訓“常”，引申為法度義，《廣韻》：“彝，法也”是其義。“作”是指行為、行動。《爾雅·釋訓》：“穆穆、肅肅，敬也”，這裡是嚴肅謹敬之貌。這幾句意思是：你的法度和行為嚴謹，敬行威儀，以輔佐我，這才是要堅持奉行的常法。

簡21：乃服隹（唯）（寅），女（汝）毋敢=（滔滔）。

整理者引《康誥》：“汝惟小子，乃服惟弘。”

按：由《攝命》看，“”即“夤”字繁構，則《康誥》之“弘”當作“引”，乃音近通假字。《說文》：“夤，敬惕也”，小心謹慎之意。

“”字石小力先生已经指出就是“?”字，并舉出《四十三年逑鼎》和《毛公鼎》上的“龏=?=”為證，顯然是對的。“?”在出土文獻中多用為“包”，[[18]]這裡疑當讀為“褒”，“包”、“褒”都是幫紐幽部字。《玉篇》：“褒，揚美也”，“龏龏褒褒”就是恭敬你認為該恭敬的，褒揚你認為該褒揚的，和簡24的“好=宏=（好好宏宏）”意思略同，故此處“??”亦當讀為“褒褒”，意思都是不根據實際情況而全憑個人好惡來處事，所以王不希望發生這種情況。

簡22-23：凡人無獄亡（無），廼隹（唯）惪（德）亯=（享，享）（載）不（孚），是亦引休，女（汝）則亦受（幣），女（汝）廼尚（祗）逆告于朕。

整理者：“”字“門”中所從為上博簡《緇衣》“萬邦作孚”之“孚”字。“孚”訓“信”，詩書中習見天命不誠、天不可信之語，……《康誥》：“天畏棐忱；民情大可見，小人難保，往盡乃心”，《君奭》：“若天棐忱，我亦不敢知曰，其終出于不祥”，孫詒讓《尚書駢枝》：“謂天命無常，不可信也。”簡文“享載不孚”與上引《康誥》文意相類。（118頁注[四二]）

按：“”當從陳劍先生說讀“訟”，說已見上。“”當即“??”字，《康熙字典·門部》云“《篇海》音閻，出《釋典》”，非其古音古義。疑此字乃郛郭之“郛”的或體，故從門會意，亦得讀為“孚”訓“信”，然整理者理解文意似有可商。“德”字當讀“置”，二字同端紐職部，音同可通。“置享”即《說文》：“奠，置祭也”之“置祭”，謂舉行祭祀。《左傳·莊公十年》：“公曰：‘犧牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。’對曰：‘小信未孚，神弗福也。’”簡文的“孚”亦即此中的“信”和“孚”。蓋古人祭祀，向祖先、神靈獻祭的祭品（犧牲玉帛）都有定數，是與祭祀對象約定好的，祭祀時足數而貢則為“信”為“孚”，不足數就是“不信”、“不孚”。

本來前面是說王告誡伯攝在斷獄訟時不要受幣（不許受賄），這裡是說：在沒有獄訟的時候，要舉行祭祀，如果祭祀的時候祭品不足，為了求得長久的吉祥，就可以受幣，你也當來向我匯報。

簡24：女（汝）亦引母（毋）好=（好好）、宏=（宏宏）、（劊）惪（德）。

整理者云：“‘劊’訓為‘斷’，或讀為‘劌’，訓為割傷。”（119頁注[四三]）

按：“宏”下恐不當點斷。“劊”疑當讀為“割”或“害”，都是損害義，《漢書·谷永杜鄴傳》：“夫違天害德”，《前漢紀·孝武皇帝紀》：“傷道害德”。

簡26-27：民有曰之。余一人害（曷）叚（假），不則戠（職）智（知）之聞之言；余【26】害（曷）叚（假），不則高（奉）乃身，亦余一人永顏（安）在立（位）。

按：程浩先生認為“民”屬上句讀，“有”讀為“又”，[[19]]當是。然斷句仍有問題，疑其斷句當為：

“有（又）曰：之余一人害（曷）叚（假）？不則戠智（知）之聞之；言余害（曷）叚（假）？不則高（奉）乃身，亦余一人永顏在立（位）。”

“余”前的“之”、“言”二字均是賓語前置，第二個“余”後疑抄脫了“一人”二字，即此二句也可以作“余一人害（曷）叚（假）之？”、“余[一人]害（曷）叚（假）言？”其中的“叚”字，石小力先生文中引沈培先生對金文用例的研究成果，“大多數情況下可以理解為‘可能……’、‘會……’”。按：從金文的用例看，其“不叚”、“弗叚”的意思，相當於後世之“不能”、“不會”，“叚”相當於“能”或“會”。那麼“余一人曷叚之”即“余一人何能之”，“之”是指上面王對伯攝的任命，意思是我為什麼會這樣作？“余一人何叚言”即“余一人何能言”，“言”是指前面王說的那些話，意思是我為什麼會這樣說？

“不則”謂“是”。“不”猶“則”也，“不”與“則”同義，連言之則曰“不則”，“即是”之意。[[20]]“戠”字整理者讀“職”，程浩先生讀“識”，疑讀“識”是，但後面脫漏了“之”字，其文當為“不則識[之]、智（知）之、聞之”，“識”是記住，“知”是知道，“聞”是“聞名”“聞人”之“聞”，謂其名聲傳揚為人所聞知，所謂“有名”，這裡的意思略同於“傳揚”。意思是是要人民記住你、知道你、傳揚你；“不則高奉乃身”意為是要提高你的身份地位。

“顏”字整理者讀“安”。按：《說文》：“彥，美士有彣，人所言也。”段注：“言、彥疊韵。”“顏”、“彥”、“言”古音都是疑紐元部字，音近可通，此疑當即用為“言”，與“焉”、“以”、“而”、“乃”、“則”等字的意思略同，[[21]]“永言在位”，和《詩》“永言保之”（《載駕》）、“星言夙駕”（《定之方中》）、“受言載之”（《彤弓》）等的“言”用法相同，語氣連詞，不一定有實在意義。

因此，這幾句的意思大概是：王又說：我為什麼會這樣做？是要記住你、知道你、傳揚你；我為什麼會這麼說？是要提高你的身份地位，我也可以長久地在位。所以下文接著說“所弗克戠（識）甬（用）朕命朕教，民朋亦興仇怨女，仇□女”，意思是如果你不能完全理解奉行我的訓命和教誨，民朋也就會產生仇怨你、仇恨你的情緒，意思是前後連貫的。

簡28：（仇）囗女。

按：“仇”後之字整理者缺釋。從字形上看，此字上從艸，下面當是“訢”或“訓”，似乎更接近從“訢”，即從艸訢聲，此處疑讀為“恨”，“訢”、“恨”曉匣旁紐雙聲、同文部疊韻音近。

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     訢（上博五.競7）  訓（攝命06）

簡29：余隹（唯）亦（功）乍（作）女（汝），余亦隹（唯）兌（說）女（汝），有女（汝）隹[沈臼]（沖）子……

按：第一句疑抄手將“亦”、“隹（唯）”二字抄倒了，當作“余亦唯功作汝”。“”字整理者疑從言折省聲，即“誓”字，疑是，但此處疑仍讀為“折”。“”字整理者云“不識”，此字疑即“燬”字，仍讀“毀”，“折毀”本是損壞、破壞義，引申為誹毀義，《孔叢子·陳士義》：“雖然，古之賢聖豈有似子者乎？吾將舉以折毀子者。”“兌”字不當讀“說”，而應讀“敓（奪）”。“有”疑當屬上句讀，作“兌（敓）女（汝）有”。這兩句是帶有威脅性的話，意思是我也可以因為有功勞而推舉你，我也可以因為誹毀而剝奪你所擁有的。是王告誡伯攝要建功立業，不要妄為招來誹毀。

簡32：王乎（呼）乍（作）冊任冊命白（伯）（攝）：“。”

整理者：，金文多作“??”形，句首語詞。楊樹達說《費誓》“徂茲淮夷、徐戎并興”，“徂”即金文“??”字，讀為“嗟”，……王曰“”收束全篇。

按：簡32全文均陳述王冊命伯攝的經過，并沒有引某人的語言，也沒有“曰”或“王曰”的字樣，且單用一個句首語詞的“嗟”作全篇結尾，甚覺怪異。“??”在金文中或用為“且”，或用為“嗟”，或用為“祖”，這裡當是“且”，是陳述句句尾的語氣助詞，古書習見此種用法，如《詩·山有扶蘇》第一章末尾兩句是“不見子都，乃見狂且”，毛傳：“且，辭也。”《孟子·告子上》趙注引《詩》此句，《音義》引丁音：“且，助句辭。”《易·夬·九四》：“其行次且”，《釋文》引馬曰：“且，語助也。”《文選·張平子〈西京賦〉》：“其樂只且”，李注：“且，辭也。”說明“且”字是放在句末起加強語氣作用的語氣助詞，和“焉”、“也”的用法差不多，恐不得理解為“王曰‘嗟’”，故此句當作“王呼作冊任冊命伯攝且”，相當於說“王呼作冊任冊命伯攝焉”。

本文收稿日期为2018年11月27日

本文发布日期为2018年11月27日

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